Aggregation of the major whey protein in bovine milk, β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) is strongly influenced by association with caseins (CNs). Here, by using combined differential scanning fluorimetry and dynamic light scattering, the conformational stability and aggregation propensity of β-Lg and three types of CNs (α, β and ĸCNs) as well as their mixture have been systematically evaluated at different temperatures and Ca²⁺ concentrations in a multi-parametric approach. While β-Lg was affected significantly through denaturation and resulting aggregation by heat treatment with little dependency on Ca²⁺, αCN and βCN were influenced considerably by Ca²⁺. Through modifying the aggregation of β-Lg, CNs showed a different chaperone-like activity among the three types which were markedly dependent on the temperature and Ca²⁺ concentration. The presence of CNs resulted in smaller mixed aggregates compared to pure β-Lg aggregates, mainly through interaction of CNs with unfolded β-Lg and also by influencing the process of β-Lg unfolding. This was further confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry indicating that Ca²⁺ enhanced the interaction between β-Lg and CNs. Our experimental approach sheds light on molecular understanding of CN- β-Lg interactions and provides insight into how micro-structural assembly of milk proteins can be modulated to enable different functionalities in milk-based products.