The c2d Spitzer spectroscopic survey of ices around low-mass young stellar objects. I. H2O and the 5-8 μm bands
Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Standard
The c2d Spitzer spectroscopic survey of ices around low-mass young stellar objects. I. H2O and the 5-8 μm bands. / Boogert, A. C.A.; Pontoppidan, K. M.; Knez, C.; Lahuis, F.; Kessler-Silacci, J.; Van Dishoeck, E. F.; Blake, G. A.; Augereau, J. C.; Bisschop, S. E.; Bottinelli, S.; Brooke, T. Y.; Brown, J.; Crapsi, A.; Evans, N. J.; Fraser, H. J.; Geers, V.; Huard, T. L.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Öberg, K. I.; Allen, L. E.; Harvey, P. M.; Koerner, D. W.; Mundy, L. G.; Padgett, D. L.; Sargent, A. I.; Stapelfeldt, K. R.
In: Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 678, No. 2, 10.05.2008, p. 985-1004.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Harvard
APA
Vancouver
Author
Bibtex
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
T1 - The c2d Spitzer spectroscopic survey of ices around low-mass young stellar objects. I. H2O and the 5-8 μm bands
AU - Boogert, A. C.A.
AU - Pontoppidan, K. M.
AU - Knez, C.
AU - Lahuis, F.
AU - Kessler-Silacci, J.
AU - Van Dishoeck, E. F.
AU - Blake, G. A.
AU - Augereau, J. C.
AU - Bisschop, S. E.
AU - Bottinelli, S.
AU - Brooke, T. Y.
AU - Brown, J.
AU - Crapsi, A.
AU - Evans, N. J.
AU - Fraser, H. J.
AU - Geers, V.
AU - Huard, T. L.
AU - Jørgensen, J. K.
AU - Öberg, K. I.
AU - Allen, L. E.
AU - Harvey, P. M.
AU - Koerner, D. W.
AU - Mundy, L. G.
AU - Padgett, D. L.
AU - Sargent, A. I.
AU - Stapelfeldt, K. R.
PY - 2008/5/10
Y1 - 2008/5/10
N2 - To study the physical and chemical evolution of ices in solar-mass systems, a spectral survey is conducted of a sample of 41 low-luminosity YSOs(L, ∼ 0.1-10 L⊙) using 3-38 μm. Spitzer and ground-based spectra. The sample is complemented with previously published Spitzer spectra of background stars and with ISO spectra of well-studied massive YSOs (L ∼ 105 L⊙). The long-known 6.0 and 6.85 μm bands are detected toward all sources, with the Class 0-type YSOs showing the deepest bands ever observed. The 6.0 μm band is often deeper than expected from the bending mode of pure solid H2O. The additional 5-7 μm absorption consists of five independent components, which, by comparison to laboratory studies, must be from at least eight different carriers. Much of this absorption is due to simple species likely formed by grain surface chemistry, at abundances of 1%-30% for CH3OH, 3%-8% for NH3, 1%-5% for HCOOH, ∼6% for H2CO, and ∼0.3% for HCOO- relative to solid H2O. The 6.85 μm band has one or two carriers, of which one may be less volatile than H2O. Its carrier(s) formed early in the molecular cloud evolution and do not survive in the diffuse ISM. If an NH 4+-containing salt is the carrier, its abundance relative to solid H2O is ∼7%, demonstrating the efficiency of low-temperature acid-base chemistry or cosmic-ray-induced reactions. Possible origins are discussed for enigmatic, very broad absorption between 5 and 8 μm. Finally, the same ices are observed toward massive and low-mass YSOs, indicating that processing by internal UV radiation fields is a minor factor in their early chemical evolution.
AB - To study the physical and chemical evolution of ices in solar-mass systems, a spectral survey is conducted of a sample of 41 low-luminosity YSOs(L, ∼ 0.1-10 L⊙) using 3-38 μm. Spitzer and ground-based spectra. The sample is complemented with previously published Spitzer spectra of background stars and with ISO spectra of well-studied massive YSOs (L ∼ 105 L⊙). The long-known 6.0 and 6.85 μm bands are detected toward all sources, with the Class 0-type YSOs showing the deepest bands ever observed. The 6.0 μm band is often deeper than expected from the bending mode of pure solid H2O. The additional 5-7 μm absorption consists of five independent components, which, by comparison to laboratory studies, must be from at least eight different carriers. Much of this absorption is due to simple species likely formed by grain surface chemistry, at abundances of 1%-30% for CH3OH, 3%-8% for NH3, 1%-5% for HCOOH, ∼6% for H2CO, and ∼0.3% for HCOO- relative to solid H2O. The 6.85 μm band has one or two carriers, of which one may be less volatile than H2O. Its carrier(s) formed early in the molecular cloud evolution and do not survive in the diffuse ISM. If an NH 4+-containing salt is the carrier, its abundance relative to solid H2O is ∼7%, demonstrating the efficiency of low-temperature acid-base chemistry or cosmic-ray-induced reactions. Possible origins are discussed for enigmatic, very broad absorption between 5 and 8 μm. Finally, the same ices are observed toward massive and low-mass YSOs, indicating that processing by internal UV radiation fields is a minor factor in their early chemical evolution.
KW - Astrochemistry
KW - Infrared: ISM
KW - Infrared: Stars
KW - ISM: Abundances
KW - ISM: Molecules
KW - Stars: Formation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=43949130406&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1086/533425
DO - 10.1086/533425
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:43949130406
VL - 678
SP - 985
EP - 1004
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
SN - 0004-637X
IS - 2
ER -
ID: 229739923