TY - JOUR

T1 - Unveiling the Universe with emerging cosmological probes

AU - Moresco, Michele

AU - Amati, Lorenzo

AU - Amendola, Luca

AU - Birrer, Simon

AU - Blakeslee, John P.

AU - Cantiello, Michele

AU - Cimatti, Andrea

AU - Darling, Jeremy

AU - Della Valle, Massimo

AU - Fishbach, Maya

AU - Grillo, Claudio

AU - Hamaus, Nico

AU - Holz, Daniel

AU - Izzo, Luca

AU - Jimenez, Raul

AU - Lusso, Elisabeta

AU - Meneghetti, Massimo

AU - Piedipalumbo, Ester

AU - Pisani, Alice

AU - Pourtsidou, Alkistis

AU - Pozzetti, Lucia

AU - Quartin, Miguel

AU - Risaliti, Guido

AU - Rosati, Piero

AU - Verde, Licia

PY - 2022/12

Y1 - 2022/12

N2 - The detection of the accelerated expansion of the Universe has been one of the major breakthroughs in modern cosmology. Several cosmological probes (Cosmic Microwave Background, Supernovae Type Ia, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations) have been studied in depth to better understand the nature of the mechanism driving this acceleration, and they are being currently pushed to their limits, obtaining remarkable constraints that allowed us to shape the standard cosmological model. In parallel to that, however, the percent precision achieved has recently revealed apparent tensions between measurements obtained from different methods. These are either indicating some unaccounted systematic effects, or are pointing toward new physics. Following the development of CMB, SNe, and BAO cosmology, it is critical to extend our selection of cosmological probes. Novel probes can be exploited to validate results, control or mitigate systematic effects, and, most importantly, to increase the accuracy and robustness of our results. This review is meant to provide a state-of-art benchmark of the latest advances in emerging "beyond-standard " cosmological probes. We present how several different methods can become a key resource for observational cosmology. In particular, we review cosmic chronometers, quasars, gamma-ray bursts, standard sirens, lensing time-delay with galaxies and clusters, cosmic voids, neutral hydrogen intensity mapping, surface brightness fluctuations, stellar ages of the oldest objects, secular redshift drift, and clustering of standard candles. The review describes the method, systematics, and results of each probe in a homogeneous way, giving the reader a clear picture of the available innovative methods that have been introduced in recent years and how to apply them. The review also discusses the potential synergies and complementarities between the various probes, exploring how they will contribute to the future of modern cosmology.

AB - The detection of the accelerated expansion of the Universe has been one of the major breakthroughs in modern cosmology. Several cosmological probes (Cosmic Microwave Background, Supernovae Type Ia, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations) have been studied in depth to better understand the nature of the mechanism driving this acceleration, and they are being currently pushed to their limits, obtaining remarkable constraints that allowed us to shape the standard cosmological model. In parallel to that, however, the percent precision achieved has recently revealed apparent tensions between measurements obtained from different methods. These are either indicating some unaccounted systematic effects, or are pointing toward new physics. Following the development of CMB, SNe, and BAO cosmology, it is critical to extend our selection of cosmological probes. Novel probes can be exploited to validate results, control or mitigate systematic effects, and, most importantly, to increase the accuracy and robustness of our results. This review is meant to provide a state-of-art benchmark of the latest advances in emerging "beyond-standard " cosmological probes. We present how several different methods can become a key resource for observational cosmology. In particular, we review cosmic chronometers, quasars, gamma-ray bursts, standard sirens, lensing time-delay with galaxies and clusters, cosmic voids, neutral hydrogen intensity mapping, surface brightness fluctuations, stellar ages of the oldest objects, secular redshift drift, and clustering of standard candles. The review describes the method, systematics, and results of each probe in a homogeneous way, giving the reader a clear picture of the available innovative methods that have been introduced in recent years and how to apply them. The review also discusses the potential synergies and complementarities between the various probes, exploring how they will contribute to the future of modern cosmology.

KW - Cosmology

KW - Dark energy

KW - Cosmological probes

KW - Data analysis

KW - GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

KW - SURFACE-BRIGHTNESS FLUCTUATIONS

KW - HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE

KW - DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

KW - STELLAR POPULATION SYNTHESIS

KW - STAR-FORMATION HISTORIES

KW - EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

KW - DARK ENERGY SURVEY

KW - E-ISO CORRELATION

KW - QUASAR X-RAY

U2 - 10.1007/s41114-022-00040-z

DO - 10.1007/s41114-022-00040-z

M3 - Review

VL - 25

JO - Living Reviews in Relativity

JF - Living Reviews in Relativity

SN - 2367-3613

IS - 1

M1 - 6

ER -