How do we assess energy availability and RED-S risk factors in para athletes?
Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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How do we assess energy availability and RED-S risk factors in para athletes? / Jonvik, Kristin L; Vardardottir, Birna; Broad, Elizabeth.
I: Nutrients, Bind 14, Nr. 5, 1068, 2022.Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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TY - JOUR
T1 - How do we assess energy availability and RED-S risk factors in para athletes?
AU - Jonvik, Kristin L
AU - Vardardottir, Birna
AU - Broad, Elizabeth
N1 - (Ekstern)
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as 'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport' (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete's impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition.
AB - Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as 'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport' (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete's impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition.
KW - Athletes
KW - Energy intake
KW - Humans
KW - Para athletes
KW - Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Faculty of Science
KW - Low energy availability
KW - Resting metabolic rate
KW - Hormones
KW - Bone health
KW - Assessment
U2 - 10.3390/nu14051068
DO - 10.3390/nu14051068
M3 - Review
C2 - 35268044
VL - 14
JO - Nutrients
JF - Nutrients
SN - 2072-6643
IS - 5
M1 - 1068
ER -
ID: 343341285