Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence
Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. / Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia; Halloran, Afton; Rippin, Holly L; Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina; Dardavesis, Theodoros I; Williams, Julianne; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin; Breda, Joao; Chourdakis, Michail.
I: Clinical Nutrition, Bind 40, Nr. 5, 2021, s. 3503-3521.Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence
AU - Bakaloudi, Dimitra Rafailia
AU - Halloran, Afton
AU - Rippin, Holly L
AU - Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina
AU - Dardavesis, Theodoros I
AU - Williams, Julianne
AU - Wickramasinghe, Kremlin
AU - Breda, Joao
AU - Chourdakis, Michail
N1 - Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Background: Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.
AB - Background: Vegan diets, where animal- and all their by-products are excluded from the diet, have gained popularity, especially in the last decade. However, the evaluation of this type of diet has not been well addressed in the scientific literature. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of vegan diets in European populations and of their macro- and micronutrient intakes compared to World Health Organization recommendations.Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, IBSS, Cochrane library and Google Scholar was conducted and 48 studies (12 cohorts and 36 cross-sectional) were included.Results: Regarding macronutrients, vegan diets are lower in protein intake compared with all other diet types. Veganism is also associated with low intake of vitamins B2, Niacin (B3), B12, D, iodine, zinc, calcium, potassium, selenium. Vitamin B12 intake among vegans is significantly lower (0.24-0.49 μg, recommendations are 2.4 μg) and calcium intake in the majority of vegans was below recommendations (750 mg/d). No significant differences in fat intake were observed. Vegan diets are not related to deficiencies in vitamins A, B1, Β6, C, E, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and folate and have a low glycemic load.Conclusions: Following a vegan diet may result in deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamin B12, zinc, calcium and selenium) which should not be disregarded. However, low micro- and macronutrient intakes are not always associated with health impairments. Individuals who consume a vegan diet should be aware of the risk of potential dietary deficiencies.
KW - Faculty of Science
KW - Vegan diets
KW - Veganism
KW - WHO
KW - European population
KW - Health impact
U2 - 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
DO - 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
M3 - Review
C2 - 33341313
VL - 40
SP - 3503
EP - 3521
JO - Clinical Nutrition
JF - Clinical Nutrition
SN - 0261-5614
IS - 5
ER -
ID: 255681611