TY - JOUR

T1 - Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars. V. CO Abundance and the Galactic Xco Factor

AU - Pitts, Rebecca L.

AU - Barnes, Peter J.

PY - 2021/8/16

Y1 - 2021/8/16

N2 - We present the second dust continuum data release in the Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP), expanding the methodology trialed in Pitts et al. to the entire CHaMP survey area (280 degrees < l < 300 degrees, - 4 degrees < b < + 2 degrees). This release includes maps of dust temperature (T-d), H-2 column density (NH2), gas-phase CO abundance, and temperature-density plots for every prestellar clump with Herschel coverage, showing no evidence of internal heating for most clumps in our sample. We show that CO abundance is a strong function of T-d and can be fit with a second-order polynomial in log-space, with a typical dispersion of a factor of 2-3. The CO abundance peaks at 20.0(-1.0)(+0.4) K with a value of 7.4(-0.3)(+0.2) x 10(-5) per H-2; the low T-d at which this maximal abundance occurs relative to laboratory results is likely due to interstellar UV bombardment in the largest survey fields. Finally, we show that, as predicted by theoretical literature and hinted at in previous studies of individual clouds, the conversion factor from integrated (CO)-C-12 line intensity ((ICO)-C-12) to NH2, the X-CO factor, varies as a broken power law in I-CO(12) with a transition zone between 70 and 90 K km s(-1). The X-CO function we propose has NH2 proportional to I-12CO(0.51) for I-12CO less than or similar to 70 K km s(-1) N-H2 proportional to I-12CO(2.3) for I-12CO greater than or similar to 90 K km s(-1) The high-I-12CO side should be generalizable with known adjustments for metallicity, but the influence of interstellar UV fields on the low-I-12CO side may be sample specific. We discuss how these results expand on previous works in the CHaMP series and help tie together observational, theoretical, and laboratory studies on CO over the past decade.

AB - We present the second dust continuum data release in the Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP), expanding the methodology trialed in Pitts et al. to the entire CHaMP survey area (280 degrees < l < 300 degrees, - 4 degrees < b < + 2 degrees). This release includes maps of dust temperature (T-d), H-2 column density (NH2), gas-phase CO abundance, and temperature-density plots for every prestellar clump with Herschel coverage, showing no evidence of internal heating for most clumps in our sample. We show that CO abundance is a strong function of T-d and can be fit with a second-order polynomial in log-space, with a typical dispersion of a factor of 2-3. The CO abundance peaks at 20.0(-1.0)(+0.4) K with a value of 7.4(-0.3)(+0.2) x 10(-5) per H-2; the low T-d at which this maximal abundance occurs relative to laboratory results is likely due to interstellar UV bombardment in the largest survey fields. Finally, we show that, as predicted by theoretical literature and hinted at in previous studies of individual clouds, the conversion factor from integrated (CO)-C-12 line intensity ((ICO)-C-12) to NH2, the X-CO factor, varies as a broken power law in I-CO(12) with a transition zone between 70 and 90 K km s(-1). The X-CO function we propose has NH2 proportional to I-12CO(0.51) for I-12CO less than or similar to 70 K km s(-1) N-H2 proportional to I-12CO(2.3) for I-12CO greater than or similar to 90 K km s(-1) The high-I-12CO side should be generalizable with known adjustments for metallicity, but the influence of interstellar UV fields on the low-I-12CO side may be sample specific. We discuss how these results expand on previous works in the CHaMP series and help tie together observational, theoretical, and laboratory studies on CO over the past decade.

KW - H-II REGIONS

KW - INFRARED STAR-CLUSTERS

KW - MOLECULAR CLOUDS

KW - COLUMN DENSITY

KW - MILKY-WAY

KW - CO-TO-H-2 CONVERSION

KW - DUST TEMPERATURES

KW - LINE EMISSION

KW - HII-REGIONS

KW - MU-M

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4365/ac063d

DO - 10.3847/1538-4365/ac063d

M3 - Journal article

VL - 256

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

SN - 0067-0049

IS - 1

M1 - 3

ER -