TY - JOUR

T1 - An Energy Inventory of Tidal Disruption Events

AU - Mockler, Brenna

AU - Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico

PY - 2021/1

Y1 - 2021/1

N2 - Tidal disruption events (TDEs) offer a unique opportunity to study a single supermassive black hole (SMBH) under feeding conditions that change over timescales of days to months. However, the primary mechanism for generating luminosity during the flares remains debated. Despite the increasing number of observed TDEs, it is unclear whether most of the energy in the initial flare comes from accretion near the gravitational radius or from circularizing debris at larger distances from the SMBH. The energy dissipation efficiency increases with decreasing radius; therefore, by measuring the total energy emitted and estimating the efficiency, we can derive clues about the nature of the emission mechanism. Here we calculate the integrated energy, emission timescales, and average efficiencies for the TDEs using the Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients (MOSFiT). Our calculations of the total energy generally yield higher values than previous estimates. This is predominantly because, if the luminosity follows the mass fallback rate, TDEs release a significant fraction of their energy long after their light curve peaks. We use MOSFiT to calculate the conversion efficiency from mass to radiated energy and find that for many of the events, it is similar to efficiencies inferred for active galactic nuclei. There are, however, large systematic uncertainties in the measured efficiency due to model degeneracies between the efficiency and the mass of the disrupted star. These must be reduced before we can definitively resolve the emission mechanism of individual TDEs.

AB - Tidal disruption events (TDEs) offer a unique opportunity to study a single supermassive black hole (SMBH) under feeding conditions that change over timescales of days to months. However, the primary mechanism for generating luminosity during the flares remains debated. Despite the increasing number of observed TDEs, it is unclear whether most of the energy in the initial flare comes from accretion near the gravitational radius or from circularizing debris at larger distances from the SMBH. The energy dissipation efficiency increases with decreasing radius; therefore, by measuring the total energy emitted and estimating the efficiency, we can derive clues about the nature of the emission mechanism. Here we calculate the integrated energy, emission timescales, and average efficiencies for the TDEs using the Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients (MOSFiT). Our calculations of the total energy generally yield higher values than previous estimates. This is predominantly because, if the luminosity follows the mass fallback rate, TDEs release a significant fraction of their energy long after their light curve peaks. We use MOSFiT to calculate the conversion efficiency from mass to radiated energy and find that for many of the events, it is similar to efficiencies inferred for active galactic nuclei. There are, however, large systematic uncertainties in the measured efficiency due to model degeneracies between the efficiency and the mass of the disrupted star. These must be reduced before we can definitively resolve the emission mechanism of individual TDEs.

KW - Tidal disruption

KW - Supermassive black holes

KW - Galaxy accretion disks

KW - High energy astrophysics

KW - Black holes

KW - Active galactic nuclei

KW - Transient sources

KW - Time domain astronomy

KW - Ultraviolet transient sources

KW - X-ray transient sources

KW - BLACK-HOLES

KW - DISC FORMATION

KW - STARS

KW - MASS

KW - FLARE

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/abc955

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/abc955

M3 - Journal article

VL - 906

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

SN - 0004-637X

IS - 2

M1 - 101

ER -