The rise and fall of the iron-strong nuclear transient PS16dtm

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  • T. Petrushevska
  • G. Leloudas
  • D. Ilić
  • M. Bronikowski
  • P. Charalampopoulos
  • G. K. Jaisawal
  • E. Paraskeva
  • M. Pursiainen
  • N. Rakić
  • S. Schulze
  • K. Taggart
  • C. K. Wedderkopp
  • J. P. Anderson
  • T. De Boer
  • K. Chambers
  • T. W. Chen
  • G. Damljanović
  • M. Fraser
  • H. Gao
  • A. Gomboc
  • M. Gromadzki
  • N. Ihanec
  • K. Maguire
  • B. Marčun
  • T. E. Müller-Bravo
  • M. Nicholl
  • F. Onori
  • S. J. Smartt
  • J. Sollerman
  • K. W. Smith
  • T. Wevers
  • Wyrzykowski

Context. Thanks to the advent of large-scale optical surveys, a diverse set of flares from the nuclear regions of galaxies has recently been discovered. These include the disruption of stars by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies – nuclear transients known as tidal disruption events (TDEs). Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can show extreme changes in the brightness and emission line intensities, often referred to as changing-look AGN (CLAGN). Given the physical and observational similarities, the interpretation and distinction of nuclear transients as CLAGN or TDEs remains difficult. One of the obstacles of making progress in the field is the lack of well-sampled data of long-lived nuclear outbursts in AGN. Aims. Here, we study PS16dtm, a nuclear transient in a Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy, which has been proposed to be a TDE candidate. Our aim is to study the spectroscopic and photometric properties of PS16dtm, in order to better understand the outbursts originating in NLSy1 galaxies. Methods. Our extensive multiwavelength follow-up that spans around 2000 days includes photometry and spectroscopy in the UV/optical, as well as mid-infrared (MIR) and X-ray observations. Furthermore, we improved an existing semiempirical model in order to reproduce the spectra and study the evolution of the spectral lines. Results. The UV/optical light curve shows a double peak at ∼50 and ∼100 days after the first detection, and it declines and flattens afterward, reaching preoutburst levels after 2000 days of monitoring. The MIR light curve rises almost simultaneously with the optical, but unlike the UV/optical which is approaching the preoutburst levels in the last epochs of our observations, the MIR emission is still rising at the time of writing. The optical spectra show broad Balmer features and the strongest broad Fe II emission ever detected in a nuclear transient. This broad Fe II emission was not present in the archival preoutburst spectrum and almost completely disappeared +1868 days after the outburst. We found that the majority of the flux of the broad Balmer and Fe II lines is produced by photoionization. We detect only weak X-ray emission in the 0.5−8 keV band at the location of PS16dtm, at +848, +1130, and +1429 days past the outburst. This means that the X-ray emission continues to be lower by at least an order of magnitude, compared to archival, preoutburst measurements. Conclusions. We confirm that the observed properties of PS16dtm are difficult to reconcile with normal AGN variability. The TDE scenario continues to be a plausible explanation for the observed properties, even though PS16dtm shows differences compared to TDE in quiescent galaxies. We suggest that this event is part of a growing sample of TDEs that show broad Balmer line profiles and Fe II complexes. We argue that the extreme variability seen in the AGN host due to PS16dtm may have easily been misclassified as a CLAGN, especially if the rising part of the light curve had been missed. This implies that some changing look episodes in AGN may be triggered by TDEs. Imaging and spectroscopic data of AGN with good sampling are needed to enable testing of possible physical mechanisms behind the extreme variability in AGN.

Original languageEnglish
Article numberA140
JournalAstronomy and Astrophysics
Volume669
Number of pages19
ISSN0004-6361
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
T.P. acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (grants I0-0033, P1-0031, J1-8136 and Z1-1853). This work was supported with travel grants by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the COST Action CA16104 GWverse. G.L., P.C. and M.P. were supported by a research grant (19054) from VILLUM FONDEN. D.I. acknowledges funding from the grant 451-03-68/2022-14/200104 of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, and the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. F.O. acknowledges support from MIUR, PRIN 2017 (grant 20179ZF5KS) “The new frontier of the Multi-Messenger Astrophysics: follow-up of electromagnetic transient counterparts of gravitational wave sources” and the support of AHEAD2020 grant agreement n.871158. T.E.M.B. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) 10.13039/501100011033 under the PID2020-115253GA-I00 HOSTFLOWS project, from Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) under the PIE project 20215AT016 and the I-LINK 2021 LINKA20409, and the program Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M. M.F. is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. M.G. is supported by the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101004719. T.M.R. acknowledges the financial support of the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish academy of Science and Letters. K.M. is funded by the EU H2020 ERC grant no. 758638. A.G. acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding P1-0031, infrastructure program I0-0033, project grants J1-8136, J1-2460). N.I. was partially supported by Polish NCN DAINA grant No. 2017/27/L/ST9/03221. G.D. was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract No. 451-03-68/2022-14/200002) and by the observing grant support from the Institute of Astronomy and Rozhen NAO BAS through the bilateral joint research project “Gaia Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) and fast variable astronomical objects”. Ł.W. was partially supported from the Polish NCN grants: Harmonia No. 2018/30/M/ST9/00311, Daina No. 2017/27/L/ST9/03221, MNiSW grant DIR/WK/2018/12 and European Commission’s H2020 OPTICON RadioNet Pilot grant No. 101004719. The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council.

Publisher Copyright:
© T. Petrushevska et al. 2023.

    Research areas

  • black hole physics, galaxies: Seyfert, methods: observational, techniques: imaging spectroscopy

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